In the context of reading, what does fluency refer to?

Fluency in reading is a crucial component of literacy that encompasses several important aspects of how a text is read. It specifically refers to the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. This means that a fluent reader can read quickly enough to maintain comprehension, recognize words and phrases instantly without needing to pause to sound them out, and also convey the appropriate tone and emotion as dictated by the text. This combination makes reading smoother and more enjoyable, contributing to overall comprehension and engagement with the material. Thus, a reader who demonstrates fluency is not only processing information but also connecting with the nuances of the text, which enhances understanding and retention.